Ihumanywa ry’umwuka n’ingaruka ku buzima bwa muntu no ku bidukikije

Nk’uko twabibonye mu nkuru iheruka, umwuka mwiza ubu ugizwe na oxygene ku gipimo  cya hafi 20%, azote iri  hafi na 80 %  ndetse n’indi myuka iboneka ku gipimo cyo hasi harimo argon, neon na dioxyde de carbone.

Gusa nanone , umwuka uhumanye ni ikibazo gikomereye abatuye Isi kikaba kiboneka hirya no hino mu duce tw’ Isi. Mu by’ingenzi bituma habaho iri humana harimo ibifite imvano muri kamere, urugero: iruka ry’ibirunga hakaba n’ibikomoka ku bikorwa bya muntu harimo inganda, ubuhinzi, ikorwa ry’imyanda…..

Ihumanya ry’umwuka duhumeka rigira ingaruka zikomeye ku buzima bwacu harimo nko gutera indwara z’ubuhumekero n’iz’umutima ndetse no kubangamura bikomeye urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima.

Ibihumanya bibamo ubwoko bubiri:

1. Iby’ibanze (polluants primaires): Ni imyuka ihumanya yoherezwa mu kirere na bimwe mu biri ku Isi byaba ibya kamere cyangwa ibyakozwe n’ikiremwamuntu: Urugero, imyuka yoherezwa n’imodoka, iva mu nganda, ibirunga…
2. Iyicyiciro cya kabiri (Poluants secondaires): Iyo iyi myuka ya mbere igeze mu kirere, yivanga n’iyindi myuka isanzwe mu kirere bikabyara imyuka nayo ihumanya. Urugero uvuka rya ozone muri mu gice cyegereye Isi ( troposphere) mu gihe habayeho ihura rya za hydrocarbures ( ibikomoka kuri petroles) na dioxyde d’azote hari urumuri n’urumuri rw’izuba.

Dore imyuka ihumanya  umwuka duhumeka n’ngarruka zayo ku buzima bwa muntu no ku bidukikije

1. Uduce duto cyangwa ivumbi (Particules ou poussieres en suspension)

Ni uduce duto dukomeye (solide) cyangwa dusukika (liquide) tuba twirunze mu mwuka. Utu dukomoka ahantu hanyuranye  harimo nko mu nganda, mu iruka ry’ibirunga, mu nkongi z’umuriro cyangwa mu mvura z’ mucanga ( tempete de sable) zikunze kuboneka mu bice by’ubutayu.

Utu duce tuba dutandukanye ukurikije umurambararo watwo cyangwa ibitugize.  Nko ku bijyanye murambararo watwo, hari uduce bita PM_2.5 akaba ari udufite umurambararo uri munsi ya micron 2.5 ( micro ni 1/1000 cya mm). Naho ku bijyanye n’ibitugize, utu duce dushobora kuba tugizwe nibyo bita silice, ibumba cyangwa ibikomoka ku binyabuzima ( matieres organiques), za bacteries, umurama ( pollen)  cyangwa za shampinyo.

Ingaruka z’utu duce ku buzima bwa muntu

1. Ku myanya y’ubuhumekero: uduce twa PM₅ twinjira mu bihaha rwagati ndetse no mu maraso. Ibi bishobora gukururira umuntu uburwayi burimo asima, bronshite n’izindi ndwara z’ibihaha.
2. Ku rwungano rw’amaraso: Guhura n’utu duce kandi mu gihe kirekire, bitera indwara z’umutima harimo izikomeye cyane nka crise cardiaque na AVC.
3. Indwara ya kanseri: Utu duce dushyirwa mu bishobora gutera kanseri ( cancerogene), twongera ibyago byo kurwara kanseri y’ibihaha, imwe muri za kanseri zihitana benshi ku Isi.
4. Imfu z’imburagihe ( utarageza ku myaka 65): Kubana kenshi n’utu duce bikurura imfu z’imburagihe.
5. Ku bana no ku bantu bashaje: Aba bakunze kuzahazwa n’utu duce kubera imiterere y’ubuzima bwabo.

Mu rwego rwo kwirinda ingaruka z’utu duce ku buzima bwacu, ni byiza kugenzura ubwiza bw’umwuka duhumeka kandi hagakorwa ibishoboka byose ngo  hirindwe guhumeka umwuka wanduye cyangwa gutinda mu bice byanduye, aho bishoboka bakaba bakwifashisha ibyuma biyungurura umwuka kugira ngo bagabanye ubukana bw’ingaruka z’utu duce ku buzima bwabo.

2. Monoxyde de Carbone (CO)

Monoxyde de carbone ni gaz itagira ibara, ntinagire n’impumuro. Iyi gaz ikomoka k’ugutwikwa kutuzuye ( combustion incomplete) kw’ibikomoka ku binyabuzima byapfuye (fossile).

Uyu mwuka igihe uhumetswe winjira mu maraso, ukabangamira itembera rya oxygene mu maraso, hagakurikiraho kurwara umutwe, ikizungerera, byakomera hakaba hakurikiraho urupfu.

Inkomo y’iyi gaz ni ibikoresho byo guteka bidafite oxygene ihagije, moteurs z’ibinyabiziga zikoresha amavuta, n’amafuru akoreshwa mu butetsi.

3. Dioxyde de soufre(SO₂)

Dioxyde de soufre ni umwuka mubi cyane mu bijyanye no guhumanya ikirere kuko utuma hagwa imvura yuzuye uburozi (pluie acide) kandi ikagira n’ingaruka ku buzima  bwa muntu kuko itera uburwayi bworoheje( irritation) bwo mu mazuru, bwo ku ruhu no mu myanya y’ubuhumekero.

Ku bijyanye n’inkomoko y’uyu mwuka, inkomoko kamere y’uyu mwuka ni iruka ry’ibirunga,  ryohereza mu kirere uyu mwuka ku kigero kitari gito. Naho ku bijyanye n’ibikorwa bya muntu, uyu mwuka ukomoka  mu ikoreshwa ry’ibikomoka kuri petrole ( combustion de combustibles fossiles), no mu nganda zinyuranye zirimo izicukura petrole no mu ishongesha ry’amabuye yifitemo soufre

4. Dioxyde d’azote (NO₂)

Uyu mwuka ugira ingaruka zinyuranye ku kirere no ku buzima bwa muntu :

1. Guhura kenshi n’uyu mwuka kandi mu gihe kirekire, bitera uburwayi mu myanya y’ubuhumekero, harimo asima n’izindi ndwara zo mu bihaha
2. Bishobora kandi no gukururira umuntu uburwayi bwo mu rwungano rw’amaraso harimo n’indwara zikomeye z’umutima;
3. Kugra uruhare mu ikorwa rya za PM₅: Dioxyde d’azote ituma habaho twa duce twavuze haruguru twanduza umwuka wo mu kirere bikagira ingaruka ku buzima bwa muntu.

Naho ku bijyanye n’ibidukikije

1. Dioxyde d’azote ituma hagwa imvura zanduye ( pluie acide) zangiza urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima. Ituma kandi habaho ibyo bita smog (uruvange rw’imyotis n’ibihu bihumanya biba bibundikiriye agace runaka)
2. Effet de serre: Dioxyde d’azote iri mu myuka ituma habaho ubwiyongere bw’ubushyuhe ku Isi.

Dioxyde d’azote ibyarwa:

5. Moteurs z’imodoka zikoresha amavuta cyane izikoresha mazzout;
6. Inganda zikora amashanyarazi zifashishije ibikomoka kuri petrole;
7. Inganda zinyuranye ziberamo itwikwa ry’ibikomoka kuri petrole.
8. Ozone

Ozone ( 03) ni ubundi bwoko bwa Oxygene. Iki kinyabutabire cyihinduramo ku buryo  bworoshyemo dioxygene (O₂) hifashihsijwe imirasire y’izuba yitwa ultraviolet, ubushyuhe n’ ubuhehere biri hejuru cyangwa igihe hari ibirimo hydrogene, chrome, cuivre na fer.

Uku kwihinduranya kwa ozone, bituma hatabaho ukurenza igipimo k’uyu mwuka  mu kirere, ibyabangamira ubuzima ku Isi.

Ozone iboneka mu bice bibiri bya atmosphere:

• Muri Stratopsphere: hano hari igice cyirundanyamo uyu mwuka ( couche d’ozone) maze ukagira akamaro ko guhagarika imirasire mibi y’izuba ( rayon ultraviolet), yashoboraga kwangiza ubuzima bwo ku Isi.
• Muri Troposphere: Ibaho nk’imyuka ihumanya y’icyiciro cya 2 (polluants secondaires), igihe habaye ihura ry’imyuka irimo dioxyde d’azote n’imyuka bita Compose organique  volatile (COV), irimo ibikomoka kuri petrole hari n’imirasire y’izuba

Ingaruka za ozone

Ku buzima: Ku bipimo bya ozone iba muri troposphere biri hejuru, haba ingaruka igihe uyu mwuka winjiye winjiye mu rwagati mu myanya y’ubuhumekero, muri zo twavuga:

1. Uburwayi bworoheje bwibasira amaso n’amazuru
2. Inkorora no kuribwa mu mutwe
3. Ububabare mu gatuza
4. Ibibazo mu ihumeka
5. Kwiyongera kw’ibihe by’asima ndeste n’uburwayi bwibasira imyanya y’ubuhumekero

Ku bidukikije: Ozone yo muri troposphere yangiza ibihingwa igatuma amababi yabyo ahunguka. ibangamira kandi ikura ry’ibimera no ikanatuma haba iyangirika ry’amashyamba n’imyaka iba yahinzwe.

6. COV ( Composes organiques volatils). Ni ibinyabutabire bihindukamo ku buryo bworoshye gaz cyangwa ibidukika mu gihe cy’ubushyuhe busanzwe; Twavuga nka butane, toluene, ethanol, acetone na benzene.

Inkomoko y’iyi myuka ni:

1. Ibihingwa: Ibihingwa bivubura iyi myuka bigamije kwirinda ibyabyangiza (herbivores) cyangwa bigamije kureshya udukoko dutuma habaho ibangurirwa ( polinisation)
2. Mu mirimo yo kuyungurura petroles ( raffinage)
3. Ibikoresho byo mu rugo: Ibikoresho by’isuku, amarangi, ibikoresho by’ubwubatsi byose bishobora gutanga iyi myuka.

Ingaruka za COV ku buzima

1. Uburwayi bworoheje bwo mu mazuru, mu muhogo no mu maso;
2. Kuribwa mu mutwe no kuruka;
3. Imwe muri Cov nka benzene ishobora gutera ibibazo mu myanya y’ubuhumekero ndetse ikaba yabangamira imikorere y’ubwonko;
4. Intandaro yo kuba wakwibasirwa na kanseri: Cov zimwe harimo benzoapyrene na benzene zishobora kuba nutandaro ya za kanseri zinyuranye.

Ku bidukikije

7. Cov zigira uruhare mu iremwa rya ozone yo muri troposphere, umwuka nawo uhumanya uba mu kirere;
8. Imvura ihumanye ( pluies acides), cov zishobora gutuma habaho igwa ry’imvura zihumanye zishobora kwangiza inyubako no konona imyaka

7. Ammoniaque ( NH3)

Ammoniac ni ikinyabutabire kigizwe na azote na hydrogene kigakoreshwa cyane mu nganda  zikora amafumbire , izikora ibijyanye n’isuku na za frigo.

Ammoniac igira inkomoko mu bikorwa by’ubuhinzi n’ubworozi,mu ruhererekane rw’azote ( cycle d’azote). Ni ammoniac n’ibiyikomokaho biha azote ibihingwa, azote itunga ibihingwa kuko ariyo ibyara proteyine.

Ingaruka z’ammoniac ku buzima

1. Guhumeka ammoniac bishobora gutera uburwayi bwo mu mazuru ubw’amaso no mu muhogo biganisha ku nkorora no mu kugira ibibazo mu guhumeka;
2. Ibibazo byo mu bihaha: Guhora ahari ammoniac ku bipimo byo hejuru bishobora kwangiza ibihaha no gutera indwara z’ubuhumekero
3. Ingaruka ku bwonko: Guhora kuri iyi myuka ku bipimo byo hejuru igihe kirekire, ibishobora kugira ingaruka ku bwonko, ukaribwa mu mutwe ukagira ikizungerera, byakomera ukaba watengurwa ( convulsion: gutitira kubera uburwayi)

Ku bidukikije

1. Kuzana ubusharire mu mazi no mu butaka ( acidification des sols et des eaux).
2. Uduce duto ( particules fines) two mu kirere: Ammoniac igira uruhare mu ikorwa ry’utu duce ibitera ingaruka mbi ku buzima bwa muntu nk’uko twabibonye hejuru.
3. Ku bipio byayo buo hejuru, ammoniac ishobora kwangiza urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima, ikibasira bimwe mu bihingwa n’imyaka bidashobora kwihanganira iki kinyabutabire.

Bitandukanye n’iibazo cy’ubwiyongere bw’ubushyuhe bw’Isi ( rechauffement climatique) kireba Isi yose muri rusange kuko kigira ingaruka ku bihe, ikibazo cy’ihumana ry’umwuka kiba kireba agace runaka kihariye kandi kigira ingaruka zako kanya ku buzima bw’umuntu harimo kwibasirwa n’indwara zinyuranye zirimo iz’ubuhumekero.

Gusa Ibi byombi bihurira ku kuba itwikwa ry’ibikomoka kuri petroles bigira uruhare mu muri ibi bikorwa, bivuze ko ingamba zo guhangana n’ibi byombi byakwibanda ku igabanya ry’ ikoreshwa ry’ibikomoka kuri petroles.

uduce duto cyane twa plastique twinjira mu mubiri wa muntu tukamugiraho ingaruka nyinshi harimo no kuba twamutera  indwara zinyuanye  harimo n’indwaa za kanseri

 

Twifashishije: www.wikipedia.org na www.who.int

Umwanditsi : Musengimana Emmanuel