Iby’ingenzi wamenya ku gihugu cya Ukraine, igihugu umurusiya Staline yishemo abarenga miliyoni eshanu, none kikaba kimaze kugirwa amatongo na mwene wabo Putine.
Ukraine ni igihugu kibarizwa mu Burayi bw’iburasirazuba. Ihana imbibi n’Uburusiya mu burasirazuba no mu majyaruguru y’iburasirazuba, Biélorussie mu majyaruguru, Pologne , Slovaquie na Hongrie i burengerazuba, hamwe na Rumanie na Moladavie mu majyepfo y’iburengerazuba. Naho mu majyepfo ikaba ikijwe n’inyanja y’umukara ( mer noire) n’inyanja y’Azov.
Ukraine ifite ubuso bungana na 603 628 km2, ibituma kiba aricyo gihugu kinini mu buso ku mugabane w’ I Burayi . Mu mwaka wa 2024 Ukraine yari ifite abaturage bangana na 33 443 000. Umurwa mukuru wacyo ni Kiev ( Kyiv) ikaba yubatse ku mugezi witwa Dniepr. Ikinyaukraine nirwo rurimi rukoreshwa mu butegetsi ariko ikirusiya nacyo kirakoreshwa cyane , cyane cyane mu burasirazuba no mu majyepfo y’igihugu. Idini ryiganje muri Ukraine ni iry’aba orthodoxe, hakaba n’andi madini afite abayoboke bake harimo abagatolika,, abaporoso, abayislamu n’abarabu.
Ukraine ni igihugu gifite byinshi by’umwihariko igituma kuva kera na kare cyarakomeje guhozwa h’ijisho n’ingoma zinyuranye, ibyatumye nanone gikomeza kwibasirwa n’intambara zirimo n’iyo kirimo kirwana n’Uburusiya kuva mi mwaka wa 2022.
Muri ibyo bintu by’umwihariko harimo kuba:
. Iherereye mu ihuriro ry’umugabane w’uburayi n’igihugu cy’uburusiya. Imiterere y’aha Ukraine iherereye hakaba hatuma ibihugu byo mu burengerzauba bw’Isi nibyo mu burasirazuba bw’Isi bikunze kuhamaranira kubera inyungu za politiki n’iz’ubukungu.
. Umutungo kamere: Ukraine ikize ku mutungo kamere ugizwe n’ubutaka bwera neza, charbon, gaz naturelles ndetsee n’ibirombe by’ubwoko bwose by’amabuye y’agaciro. Ukraine yakunze kwitwa ikigega cy’ingano cy’Uburayi kubera ibibaya byayo binini kandi birumbuka.
. Inzira z’ubucuruzi: Ukraine niyo inyuzwamo gaz naturel iva mu Burusiya ikoherezwa mu bihugu by’I Burayi. Ukrain kandi ifite Ibikorwaremezo byo gutwara ibintu harimo n’ibyambu byo ku nyanja, inzira za gari ya moshi n’imihanda isanzwe , ibi byose bigira uruhare mu bucuruzi mpuzamahanga bukorerwa muri kariya gace.
Ukraine iza ku isonga ku Isi kuri byinsi mu bihingwa biboneka ku Isi
Uturere, abatuye Ukraine n’indimi zivugwa muri Ukraine.
Ukraine ni igihugu kigizwe n’uturere twinshi dutandukanye, buri karere kakagira umwihariko mu bijyanye n’umuco, indimi ndetse n’amoko y’abadutuye.
Uturere twiganjemo abavuga ikinya Ukraine
- uburengerazuba
. Uturere: Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk, Thernivvtsi, Zakarpattia.
. Indimi: Higanje ikinya Ukraine, hakaba n’umubare muto uvuga igi polonaise, hongrois na roumain.
.Amoko: Abenshi ni abanya Ukraine n’umubare muto w’aba polonaise, hongroises na roumaines.
- Rwagati ya Ukraine
.Uturere: Kiev, Tcherkassy, Vinnytsia, Kirovograd.
.Indimi: Ikinya Ukraine nicyo kivugwa na benshi ariko hari n’abavuga ikirusiya cyane mu muujyi minini.
.Amoko: Rwagati higanje abo mu bwoko bw’aba nya Ukraine ariko hari na bake b’abarusiya n’abo mu bundi bwoko nk’aba nya roumaniya, aba polonais.
3. Amajyaruguru
.Uturere: Thernihiv, Soumy.
.Indimi: Ikinya Ukraine nirwo rurimi rw’ingenzi, ahakaba n’abavuga ikirusiya
.Amoko: Abenshi bahatuye ni abanya Ukraine na bake bo mu bwoko bw’abarusiya na bielorusses.
Uturere twihganjemo abavuga ikirusiya
- Uburasirazuba
.Uturere: Kharikiv, Donetsk, Louhansk
.Indimi: Ikiusiya nicyo kihiganje nubwo hari n’abakoresha iki Ukraine.
.Amoko: Hatuwe n’abarusiya benshi ndetse n’abanya Ukraine bavuga ikirusiya.
2. Amajyepfo
. Uturere: Odessa, Mykolaiv, Kherison, Crimee
. Indimi: Higanje ikirusaiya, bake bakavuga ikinya Ukraine, na tatars muri Crimee.
. Amoko: Amoko ahiganje ni ay’abarusiya n’abanya Ukraine n’abo mu bwoko bw’aba tatars bo muri Crimee.
3. Crimmee
.Uturere :
. Indimi: Ikirusi nicyo kihiganje, hakaba na bake bavuga iki tatars ndeste n’abavuga ikinya Ukraine.
Muri make Ukraine ituwe nabo mu bwoko bw’abanya Ukraine bungana na 77.8% hamwe na 17.3% by’abo mu bwoko bw’abarusiya , amoko asigaye arimo aba nya polonaise, Hongriya, bakagabana igice gisigaye
Iyi mibare irerekane ingaruka amateka, umuco na za politi zinyuranye byagize ku miturire y’uturere tnyuranye. Koko rero uduce two mu burengerazuba na rwagati, usanga higanje abo mu bwoko bw’abanya Ukraine kandi bakaba babogamiye ku burayi.
Aba kandi nibo barimo abashyigikiye cyane kwinjira kwa Ukraine mu muryango w’ubumwe bw’ Iburayi no muri OTAN bakaba bashigikiye n’amavugururwa mu by’ubukungu na politiki ngo bisanishe n’ibihugu byo mu burengerazuba bw’Isi.
Naho iburasirazuba higanje abavuga ikirusiya bakaba bahitamo amashyaka abogamiye ku burusiya..
Aba kandi bashyigikira politiki zegereye Uburusiya cyane ku bijyane n’ubukungu ndeste n’umutekano.
Naho ku bijyanye n’indimi. Ikinya Ukraine kivugwa n’abagera 77.8% naho ikirusiya kikavugwa n’abagera kuri 30%, ijanisha risigaye ni iry’indi mi zirimo igipolonais. Kandi :
- Mu bice by’imijyi: Imijyi minini ndetse no mu ituwemo n’abanyaukraine benshi, hashobora kubonekamo abavuga ikirusiya benshi bitewe n’amateka yaranze Ukraine ndetse n’abimukira benshi batuye iyi mijyi.
- Naho mu bice by’icyaro, buri gace kagira ururimi rwihariye bitewe n’ururimi ruvugwa mu karere runaka, ni ukuvuga iki nya Ukraine cyangwa ikirusiya.
Uturere tugize Ukraine n’ururimi ruvugwa rwiganje
Amateka yo hambere na ay’’ubu ya Ukraine
Amateka ya Ukraine yabayemo ibintu binyuranye kandi byinshi, igira ibihe byiza by’uburumbuke ndeste n’intambara, ndeste Ukraine yasimbutse kenshi ibikorwa by’ubwami n’izindi ngoma zshakaga gusenya iki gihugu cyangwa kucyigarurira.
Iyi Ukraine yagiye ibarizwa mu bwami bunyuranye mu bihe binyuranye harimo ubwami bwa Rus’ de Kiev ( ikinyejana cya 9- 13), Horde d’Or ( 13-17 eme siecles), ubwami bwa Pologne ( 16-18eme siicle), ubwami bwa Ottoman ( 16-18 s), ubwami bwa Autriche ( 18-20 s), ubwami bwa Rusiya ( 18-20 siecle).
Dore ibihe bitandukanye byaranze amateka ya Ukraine kuva nyuma y’intambara ya mbere y’Isi yose.
1917: Tsarisme, ubwami bw’abarusiya bwarasenyutse, hashingwa Repubuika ya Rubanda ya Ukraine, iza guhirikwa nayo na kudeta, mbere yuko yongera gusubizwa ubutegetsi. Aka gahe gato k’ubwigenge bwa Ukriane karangiye mu mwaka wa 1921 ubwo yigaruriwaga n’igisirikare cyiswe armee rouge cya Lenine, wari uhindutse umuyobozi mushya wa Rusiya.
1919: Repubulika Sosiyaliste Soviyetike ya Ukraine yashinzwe ku mugaragaro iza kwiyomeka kuri bumwe bw’ibihugu sosiyaliste soviyetique , URSS, nyuma y’ivuka ry’iki gihugu muri 1922.
1932-1933 : Hordomor ( famine ukrainienne): ni ukuvuga “kurimbura ukoresheje inzara”, abagera kuri miliyoni enye mu gihugu cyose cya Ukraine bakaba baratikiriye muri iki gikorwa cy’ubunyamswa cyakozwe na Staline wayoboraga URSS. Hordomor ifatwa nka genocide yakorewe abanya Ukraine. Inzara yahitanye aba baturage yatewe na za politiki za URSS ku isonga hari Joseph Staline zafatiraga ubutaka bw’abaturage n’imisoro yo hejuru yakwaga abahinzi.
1941: Intambara ya kabiri y’Isi yose: Ukraine yabaye isibaniro ry’iyi ntambara. Intambara ya 2 yagize ingaruka zikomeye ku gihugu cya Ukraine haba mu rwego rwa politki ndetse no mu rw’imibereho y’abaturage! Muri zo twavuga:
.Ibitero by’abadage: 1941, abadage bateye Uburusiya harimo na Ukraine. Abanya Ukraine cyane abo mu gice cy’iburengerazuba bakaba barakiriye abadage b’aba nazis nk’abacunguzi maze barwana ku gice cyabo. Bizeraga kuzabona ubwigenge bwabo maze abagera kuri 250 000 barwana ku ruhande rw’abadage
. Le 30/12/1941, hasinzwe Leta ya Ukraine itaramaze kabiri kuko yaje guhirikwa n’aba nazis.
. Ingaruka zabaye nyinshi ku gihugu cya Ukraine, abagera kuri hafi miliyoni harimo abasirikare n’abasivile bapfira muri iyi ntambara. Muri icyo gihe kandi imijyi n’ibikorwaremezo byinshi byarasenyutse. Intambara yarangiye ku nsinzi y’abarusiya n’abari babashyigikiye , muri 1944, Ukraine yashubijwe muri URSS, hakomeza ibikorwa byo kurwanya abashygikiraga ubwigenge bwa Ukraine.
.2004-2005 : Habaye imyigaragambyo ikaze ( revolution orange), yamaganaga ibyavuye mu matora yari yahuriyemo Vickor Yushchenko na Victor Yanukovych, uwa mbere wari ushyigikiye ubwigenge busesuye igihugu ntigikomeze kubogamira ku burusiya, uwa kabiri akaba yari akomeye k’ubucuti Ukraine yari isanzwe ifitanye n’uburusiya. Imyigararagambyo yarangiye hatinsize Yushchenko wari watsinzwe mu matora ya mbere, bityo igihugu gitangira amavugurura akomeye mu bya politiki n’ubukungu’
2014: Imyaka icumi nyuma ya revolution orange: Ukraine yatangiye inzira yo gutera umugongo mukuru wayo, Uburusiya, kugira ngo yiyegereze ubumwe bw’iburayi. Ibi byakurkiwe no gutakaza intara ya Crimee yahise yigarurirwa n’uburusiya ndetse n’ibice by’intara za Donbass bitangiza intambara zo kwigenga bibifashijwemo n’uburusiya.
2022: Ingabo z’Uburusiya zateye Ukraine kuwa 24/02/2022, ku cyemezo cya perezida Vladimir Putine wemeje ko agamije.
- Guhashya no kwirukana ibikorwa by’aba Nazis ku butaka bwa Ukraine;
- Kurinda abaturage bo mu burasirazuba bwa Ukraine bavuga ikirusi we yemeza ko bakorerwa genocide n’ubutegetsi bwa Ukraine;
- Guhagarika gahunda ya Ukraine yo kwinjira muri OTAN no mu bumwe bw’iburayi, ibyo abona ko bibangamiye bikomeye umutekano w’ uburusiya.
Ingaruka zabaye nyinshi ku gihugu cya Ukraine, abagera kuri hafi miliyoni harimo abasirikare n’abasivile bapfira muri iyi ntambara. Muri icyo gihe kandi imijyi n’ibikorwaremezo byinshi byarasenyutse.
Tubabwire ko imibare itangwa na Banki y’Isi, igaragaza ko iyi ntambara imaze kwangiza ibikorwaremezo bifite agaciro ka miliyari 152 z’amadolari, ibikorwaremezo byiaganjemo amacumbi, ibikorwaremezo byo gutwara abantu, ubucuruzi, inganda,ingufu n’ubuhinzi. Naho mu bijyanye n’abamaze guhitanwa n’iyi ntambara barenga miliyoni harimo abagera ku bihumbi 10 500 by’abaturage ba Ukraine.
Ngayo nguko iby’amateka ashaririye yakomeje kuranga iki gihugu muri rusange gikomeje kuzira ubukungu bwinshi cyibitseho ndetse n’aho giherereye aka wa mukobwa abanyarwanda bavuze, ubwiza bwe bwakururiye abagizi ba nabi.
Twifashishije: www.robert-schuman.eu na www.wikipedia.fr
Musengimana Emmanuel