Iby’ingenzi wamenya kuri atmosphere, ikirere, ingobyi ifubitswemo Isi, hakabungabungwa ubuzima ku Isi

Atmosphere mu ndimi z’amahanga bakunze nanone kwita ikirere mu kinyarwanda, ni igice (couche)  kizengurutse Isi,cyafatwa nk’ingobyi yayo, kikaba kigizwe n’uruvange rw’imyuka ( air) ndetse n’utude duce duto tuba twibumbiye hamwe (  particules en suspension), rukuruzi y’Isi ikaba ituma iyi ngobyi iguma iruhande rwayo, ntibe yasandarira hirya y’Isi. Muri iyi nkuru turagaruka ku bigize atmosphere,ku  bice biyigize, no ku kamaro kayo ku Isi dutuye.

I. Uruvange rw’imyuka rugize atmosphere

Iki kirere tubona kirimo gaz nyinshi ariko iz’ingenzi ni:

1. Azote ( N2) ku kigero cya hafi na  78% by’imyuka yose iri mu kirere

Azote niwo mwuka uboneka ku bwinshi muri atmosphere, imiterere yayo ( gaz stable) ituma itihuza  n’indi myuka yo mu kirere, ibituma hatabaho ibyago byakomoka kuri uko kwihuza.  Ibimera byifashisha azote bigakora za proteyine ndetse n’ubwoko bwa z acides buboneka muri ADN ( acide nucleique). Azote kandi ituma ibimera bikura neza ukwivanga kw’ayo na  oxygene bigabanya ubukana bw’uyu mwuka (hyperoxie), bwagirira nabi umubiri wacu.

2. Oxygene ( O2): hafi 21% ;

Oygene ni umwuka ukenerwa mu ihumeka ry’ibinyabuzima , igatuma ibice by’umubiri bimererwa neza. Oygene kandi igira uruhare mu budahangarwa bw’umubiri yunganira insoro z’umweru mu gikorwa cyo kurwanya icyagirira nabi umubiri wacu.

3. Dioxyde de carbone( CO2), Hafi 0.004%,ariko gishobora guhinduka kubera ibikorwa bya muntu.

Dioxyde de carbone ni gaz a effet de serre kandi igira akamaro gakomeye mu ihumeka ry’ibinyabuzima ndetse no muri photosynthese ( ikorwa rya glucide uhereye kuri CO2 n’imirasire y’izuba) ikorwa n’ibimera

4.Argon ( Arg): hafi 0.93%

5. Vapeur d’eau ( H2O);

Ikigero cyayo gihinduka hagati ya 0 na 4% bitewe n’ubushyuhe cyangwa uko ikirere kimeze. Uyu mwuka ugira uruhare runini muri effet de serre, igikorwa gituma Isi igira igipimo cy’ubushyuhe kiberanye n’ubuzima ku Isi.

6. Izindi gaz ku kigero gito cyane: neon, methane, krypton, hydrogenen’izindi gaz, bita gaz rares

Uretse izi gaz , mu kirere habamo utundu duce duto twibumbira hamwe ( particules en suspension) nk’ivumbi cyangwa uduce twa plastiki.

II. Ibice bigize atmosphere

Ikirere kigizwe n’ibice binyuranye kandi buri gice kikagira ibikiranga byihariye

• Troposphère (0-14 km): Ni cyo gice cyegereye Isi, niho dutuye kandi 80% by’umwuka wose wo mu kirere biherereye muri iki gice.Ni aha habera ibijyanye n’imigwire y’imvura, imiyaga,….kandi ubushyuhe muri iki gice bugenda bugabanuka uko ugenda ujya hejuru. ¹.
• Stratosphère (14 -50 km): Nicyo gice gikurikira troposphere  Ni muri iki gice haba umwuka wa ozone ihagarika imirasire mibi y’izuba yakwangiza ubuzima ku Isi. Bitandukanye no muri Tropososphere, ubushyuhe muri iki gice bwiyongera uko ugenda uzamuka
• Mésosphèr(50-85 km) : Aha ho, ubushyuhe bwongera kugenda  bugabanuka uko ugenda uzamuka nk’uko bimeze muri troposphere. Muri iki gice niho za meteorites zishwanyagurizwa iyo zishatse kwinjira ku Isi.
• Thermosphère ( 50- 600 km)

Ubushyuhe buriyongera cyane ( kurenza 2000  degre celsius)  uko ugenda                        uzamuka mu kirere kubera imirasire  y’izuba ifite ingufu nyinsi  ihagarikirwa                  aha.Ni muri iki gice kandi haboneka ionosphere, igice  cy’ingenzi mu itumanaho.

4. Exosphère ( 600-10 000 km) : Ni cyo gice cy’inyuma cya Atmosphere. Muri iki gice gaz zihana intera kandi zishobora kwigira hanze y’Isi.

Akamaro ka atmosphere

1. Kurinda Isi imirasire mibi y’izuba ( Protection contre les rayonnements nocifs). Umwuka wa ozone uherereye mu gice cya stratosphere umira ( absorber) igice kinini cy’imirasire yangiza ubuzima, bita ultraviolet (uv) iva ku izuba, bityo ubuzima bw’ibiri ku Isi bugashobora kurokoka.
2. Gutuma ubushyuhe bw’Isi buguma mu bipimo bibereye ubuzima ku Isi (Régulation de la température ). Ikirere gituma hatabaho ihindagurika rya cyane ry’ubushyuhe bw’Isi kubera imwe mu myuka ikigize ( gaz a effet de serre),ifatira ubushyuhe bw’Isi. Hatabayeho iryo fatira ry’ubushyuhe buba bushaka kwisubirira hanze y’Isi, ikinyuranyo hagati y’ubushyuhe bwo ku manywa na n’ubwa nijoro, cyaba kinini, ibyabangamira bikomeye ubuzima bw’Isi.
3. Ikwirakwizwa ry’umwuka (Circulation de l’air et des precipitations)) n’imigwire y’imvura: Mu kirere habamo itembera ry’imyuka iri mu kirere, bikagira ingaruka nziza ku miterere y’ubushyuhe ndetse no ku buhehere bw’Isi. Ibi nabyo bigatuma habaho ukugwa kw’imvura n’ibindi bijyanye nayo bibera mu kirere
4. Kurinda Isi meteorites zituruka mu kirere (Protection contre les météorites): Meteorites n’udupande ducika kuri bimwe mubiba mu kirere ( imibumbe, astreoide, cometes) tukerekeza ku Isi, tumwe muri utwo duce dushobora kugira umubyimba munini tukaba twakwangiza Isi igihe twashobora kuyigeraho. Twinshi muri utu duce rero dushwanyagurizwa mu kirere, bityo hakirindwa kuba twakwangiza byinshi,  igihe twaba tugeze ku Isi.
5. Gifasha mu kubungabunga ubuzima(support de la vie) : Mu kirere habamo oxygene na dioxyde de carbone imyuka yombi ikenerwa  mu ihumeka ry’ibinyabuzima ku Isi ndetse no muri photosyntese ( ikorwa ry’ibinyasukari hifashishijwe CO2 n’imirasire y’izuba) ikorwa n’ibimera.
6. Pression atmospherique : Pression atmospherique ( imbaraga z’umwuka ku biri ku Isi) ituma ibisukika bikomeza kugira ubushobozi bwo gutemba, aho kuba nk’ibuye cyangwa nka gaz, ibituma ubuzima bushoboka ku Isi.
7. Gukwirakwiza intungamubiri (Transport des nutriments). Ikirere gituma habaho ikwirakwira intungamubiri ndetse n’impeke bifasha mu rusobe rw’ibinyabuzima no kubungabunga ibyanya binyuranye.

Imiterere y’ikirere cyacu, ituma hashobora kuba ibihe by’immvura, ndetse n’uruhererekane rw’mazi ( cycle de l’eau), ibiri mu bituma ku Isi haba ubuzima

Twifashishije: www.futura-sciences.com

Umwanditsi : Musengimana Emmanuel