Sobanukirwa birambuye n’ibiranga ubuhinzi budakubaganya ( budacokoza) ubutaka

Ubuhinzi budacokoza ubutaka ( agriculture semi directe), bita nanone ubuhinzi bubungabunga ibidukikije  ni uburyo hahingwa imyaka bagabanyije imirimo ikorerwa mu butaka hagamijwe kubungabunga umutungo kamere no gufata neza ubutaka.

Virunga Today irabagezaho ku buryo burambuye ibiranga ubu buhinzi, uko bukorwa, ibyiza byabwo n’inzitizi abahinzi bahura nazo igihe bahitamo kubukoresha.

Ibiranga ubuhinzi budacokoza ubutaka

1. Kugabanya imirimo ikorerwa mu butaka (Réduction du travail du sol) : Bitandukanye n’uburyo busanzwe buzwi bukoreshwa hahingwa ubutaka, mu buhinzi budahungabanya ubutaka  ubuhinzi budacokoza ubutaka, hakorwa imirimo mike cyangwa ntayo na mba icokoza ubutaka mbere yo gutera imyaka. Bishatse kuvuga ko hirindwa ikubagabanya ry’ubutaka mu buryo bwose bushoboka.

2. Isasira ry’imyaka rihoraho Couverture végétale permanente): Isaso cyangwa ibisigazwa by’imyaka yasaruwe bigumishwa ku butaka , ibituma ubutaka butibasirwa n’isuri  kandi n’ubutaka bukagumya buhehereye bityo n’ubutaka bukamererwa neza.

3. Gusimburanya imyaka mu mirima (Rotation des cultures): Isimburanya ry’imyaka mu mirima ni ngombwa kugira ngo hirindwe ibura ry’intunga gihingwa ziba mu butaka, kugabanya indwara z’ibihingwa no kugira ngo hongerwe umusaruro w’ubutaka mu gihe kirere.

4. Ikoreshwa neza ry’amazi (Utilisation efficace de l’eau ):Ubuhinzi budacokoza ubutaka butuma hahoraho ubuhehere mu butaka, ibyatuma nanone hadakenerwa amazi menshi igihe buhira ibihingwa.

5. Ubwiyongere bw’urusobe rw’ibimera (Biodiversité accrue): Igihe habaye isimburanya ry’imyaka inyuranye mu butaka, ubutaka bugafatwa neza, habaho ubwiyongere bw’urusobe bw’ibimera kuri ubu butaka no mu bice binyuranye byegereye ubu butaka.

6. Kugabanya ikoreshwa ry’imiti yica udukoko twangiza imyaka (Réduction de l’utilisation de produits chimiques) : mu miterere yabwo kandi ubu buryo bugabanya ikoreshwa ry’imiti yica udukoko twangiza imyaka ndetse n’iry’amafumbire mva ruganda, biganisha ku buhinzi burambye.

Ubuhinzi budacokoza ubutaka bukorwa bute ?

Dore ko imirimo yo guhinga imyaka idakubaganije ubutaka ikorwa:

1. Gutegura ubutaka

– Ibisigazwa by’imyaka: Kugumisha ibi bisigazwa mu murima kugira ngo birinde isuri kandi bitume hagumaho ubuhehere mu butaka.

-Gucunga neza ibyatsi bibi byonone imyaka: Gukoresha imiti yangiza ibyatsi bibi ndetse n’ubundi buryo bunyuranye kugira ngo ngo hagenzurwe ikura by’ibyatsi byangiza imyaka mbere yo gutera imyaka.

2. Guhitamo imyaka ihingwa

Guhitamo ibihingwa biberanye n’akarere ndetse n’imiterere y’ikirere. Ibihingwa bitwikira ubutaka nk’ibinyamisogwe, icyo gihe nabyo bishobora gukoreshwa kugira ngo hongerwe uburumbuke bw’ubutaka.

3. Gutera imyaka

-Semis direct: Hifashishwa igikoresho cyabugenewe muri iyi mihingire ( artisanale cga imashini),maze bagatera imbuto mu butaka butahinzwe. Ibi bikoresho bikozwe ku buryo byinjizwa mu butaka butahinzwe na gato, maze hagashyirwa imbuto mu butaka ku bujakuzimu bwifuzwa.

-Intera hagati y’imirongo: Gusiga imyanya hagati y’imirongo yateweho ibihingwa ukurikije ubwo bw’ibihingwa n’imiterere yihariye kuri buri murima.

4. Ikoreshwa ry’amafumbire ndumburabutaka

Gushyira mu butaka ifumbire igihe ari ngombwa, ushingiye kucyo ntungwagihingwa zikenewe, kandi ifumbire igashyirwa ku mirongo yacukuwe iruhande rw’igihingwa cyangwa igakoreshwa yahinduwe amazi ikuhirwa ku gihingwa.

5. Isarura

Hasarurwa imyaka yeze neza kandi ibisigazwa byayo bikagumishwa mu murima kugira ngo birinde ubutaka no kongera uburumbuke bw’ubu butaka.

Ibyiza by’ubuhinzi budacokoza ubutaka

Ubuhinzi budacokoza ubutaka bufite ibyiza byinshi ugereranije n’ubuhinzi dusanzwe dukora , dore bimwe mu by’ingenzi

1. Gufata neza ubutaka (Conservation du sol : Ubu buryo bugabanya ubukana bw’isuri kuko butuma hatabaho ikugabanya rikabije ry’ubutaka , ibirinda ubutaka biikanabukungahaza.

2. (Ifumbire ikomoka ku bisigazwa by’imyaka (Amélioration de la matière organique) : Ibisigazwa                by’iyi myaka birundwa ku butaka bikabyara ifumbire nziza bituma ubutaka burushaho kuba bwiza  bugashobora no gufata amazi.

3. Igabanyuka ikiguzi cy’imirimo y’ubuhinzi (Réduction des coûts de production) :Igihe hatakibaho imiro yo guhinga ubutaka, abahinzi bazigama igihe, ibitoro ndetse n’ibihembo ku bakozi, bityo umuhinzi agashobora kunguka byinshi.
4. kugabanya iribata ry’ubutaka (réduction de la compaction du sol) : Ihinga ridakubaganya ubutaka rituma ubutaka budakomera cyane ngo bube hafi nk’ibuye, ibi bituma imizi yinjira cyane mu butaka bityo igashobora kuvoma amazi n’intungagihingwa ziri hasi cyane mu butaka.
5. Ukwiyongera k’urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima ( Biodiversité accrue) : Ibihingwa bihora ku butaka ( ibinyamisogwe) , ubu buhinzi butuma habaho ubwiyongere bw’utu nyabuzima duto ( micro-organisme) , ibintuma nanone ibihingwa bimera neza.
6. Kubungabunga ubuhehere( Conservation de l’humidité) : Isaso rituma ubutaka buhorana ubuhehere, ibintu by’ingenzi ku butaka bw’ahantu hatagwa imvura ihagije.
7. Igabanuaka ry’imyuka igabanya ikirere (Réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre) : Igabanya ry’ikoreshwa ry’ibimashini bihinga , ibi nabyo bigatuma habaho igabanuka ry’imyuka yangiza ikirere.

Inzitizi mu buhinzi budacokoza ubutaka

Nubwo ubuhinzi budakubaganya ubutaka bufite ibyiza byinshi, ariko ntibikuraho hari inenge zindi bugira. Dore zimwe z’ingenzi:

1. Ikibazo cy’ibyatsi bibi byangiza ibihingwa (Gestion des mauvaises herbes): Bitewe nuko ubutaka buba butahinzwe, ibyatsi bibi byangiza imyaka bishobora guhita bikura bikarengera imyaka, ibi bikaba bisaba ikoreshwa rya kenshi ry’imiti yangiza irimbura ibi byatsi n’ubundi buryo bwo kwirinda ibi byatsi.

2. Ihenda ry’ibikoresho byifashishwa bihenze (Disponibilité du matériel): Ibikoresho byagenewe kwifashishwa muri ubu buhinzi bishobora guhenda bikaba byagorana kubibona, cyane cyane ku bahinzi bato.

3. Imiterere y’ikirere (Conditions climatiques): Ubu buryo bushobora kudatanga umusaruro kubera imiterere y’ubutaka cyangwa iy’ikirere, nko mu butaka burekamo amazi cyangwa bwumagatanye, ibyabangamira imera ndetse n’ikura ry’imyaka.

4. Ubunararibonye muri ubu buhinzi  ( adaptation des pratiques) . Abahinzi bari basanzwe bakoresha uburyo busanzwe bazasabwa kwimenyereza uburyo bushya, ibyasaba amahugurwa n’amagerageza kugira ngo bashobora gukoresha ubu buryo ku bihingwa byabo binyuranye.

5. Umusaruro mu mizo ya mbere (Rendement initial): Birashoboka ko umusaruro waba nkene mu bihe bya mbere by’ihinga hifashishijwe ubu buryo, ibi hakaba hari abo bishobora guca intege.

5. Ikibazo cy’indwara n’udukoko byibasira imyaka (Risque de maladies et parasites): Ibisigazwa by’imyaka bbishobora kuba indiri y’indwara n’udukoko byonona imyaka iba yahinzwe.

6. Ubwinshi bw’imvura (Précipitations excessives) : Mu bice bigwamo imvura nyinshi , ubu buryo bushobora gutuma amazi menshi yihindira mu butaka , ibyatuma imyaka idakura neza.

7. Kwicamo ibice k’ubutaka (Formation de croûtes de surface)  : Mu bwoko bumwe bw’ubutaka, ubuhinzi budahungabanya ubutaka bushobora gutuma ubutaka bwicamo ibice uva hejuru ujya munsi y’ubutaka, icyatuma imyaka imera ikanakura nabi.

Twifashishije: www.agriculture-de- conservation.com

Umwanditsi: Musengimana Emmanuel